Amniotic fluid, the water surrounding the fetus, is initially produced by the placenta and later primarily consists of fetal urine. While amniotic fluid plays a crucial role in cushioning and protecting the baby, an excess amount can pose risks to both the mother and the baby. Learn more about polyhydramnios, a high-risk pregnancy factor, along with its diagnosis and treatment options from the best fetal medicine specialists.
Diagnosis of Polyhydramnios
When an ultrasound detects an abnormal amount of amniotic fluid, a diagnosis of polyhydramnios may be made. This condition is characterized by an amniotic fluid index (AFI) exceeding 25 mm. Ultrasound measures the amount of fluid by assessing the vertical pocket of fluid in the abdomen, specifically noting if it is around 6-7 cm.
Causes of Polyhydramnios
Polyhydramnios, a high-risk pregnancy complication, can arise from several causes, including maternal diabetes, which often results in a larger baby and increased amniotic fluid. Additionally, if the baby has congenital abnormalities in the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as blockages or obstructions in the oesophagus or duodenum, it can prevent proper fluid absorption by the kidneys, leading to excess fluid.
Genetic or chromosomal conditions can also result in an accumulation of amniotic fluid. If no specific cause is identified, the condition is termed idiopathic polyhydramnios. In such cases, continuous monitoring through ultrasound and clinical evaluations is necessary to track the baby’s condition and manage any potential complications.
Excess amniotic fluid can present various risks to the mother, including respiratory issues due to cardiovascular and respiratory distress, as well as significant discomfort from abdominal swelling. For the fetus, the primary concern is that overdistension of the uterus might cause the amniotic sac to rupture prematurely, potentially leading to preterm labour and delivery of a premature baby.
Management Options
To manage polyhydramnios, therapeutic interventions may be employed. One such approach is ultrasound-guided amniocentesis, a procedure where excess fluid is selectively reduced to alleviate pressure and discomfort. Despite these interventions, fluid levels may continue to increase, necessitating ongoing monitoring and care.
Steroid injections are often administered to promote lung maturation in the baby, preparing the fetus for potential early delivery. If a specific cause for the excess fluid is identified, a pediatric surgeon may be required to address any underlying congenital issues after delivery, working as part of a team of specialists to ensure the best outcome for the baby.
Conclusion
Consultation with fetal medicine specialists can significantly improve pregnancy outcomes by providing expert guidance on managing polyhydramnios, a high-risk pregnancy factor, and addressing any associated complications. Their expertise helps in devising a comprehensive care plan to sustain both maternal and fetal health throughout the pregnancy.